Biosystems corresponding to enzymes, pathways, and complete cells have been more and more explored for biotechnological functions. Nevertheless, the intricate connectivity and ensuing complexity of biosystems poses a significant hurdle in designing biosystems with fascinating options. As -omics and different excessive throughput applied sciences have been quickly developed, the promise of making use of machine studying (ML) strategies in biosystems design has began to change into a actuality.
ML fashions allow the identification of patterns inside sophisticated organic information throughout a number of scales of study and might increase biosystems design functions by predicting new candidates for optimized efficiency.
ML is getting used at each stage of biosystems design to assist discover nonobvious engineering options with fewer design iterations. On this overview, we first describe generally used fashions and modeling paradigms inside ML.
We then focus on some functions of those fashions which have already proven success in biotechnological functions.
Furthermore, we focus on profitable functions in any respect scales of biosystems design, together with nucleic acids, genetic circuits, proteins, pathways, genomes, and bioprocesses. Lastly, we focus on some limitations of those strategies and potential options in addition to prospects of the mixture of ML and biosystems design.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 expressed in human 293 cells is a 35-40 kDa glycoprotein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 expressed in human 293 cells is a 35-40 kDa glycoprotein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 expressed in human 293 cells is a 35-40 kDa glycoprotein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via β-catenin mediated Pdgfrα and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via β-catenin mediated Pdgfrα and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via beta-catenin mediated Pdgfralpha and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK1 takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway, binds to LRP6 with high affinity and prevents the Frizzled-Wnt-LRP6 complex formation in response to Wnts. DKK1 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation when it forms a ternary complex with the cell surface receptor Kremen.DKK1 not olny functions as a head inducer during development, but also regulates joint remodeling and bone formation, which suggests roles for DKK1 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. More recently research reported, DKK1 impacts eye development from a defined developmental time point on, and is critical for lens separation from the surface ectoderm via beta-catenin mediated Pdgfralpha and E-cadherin expression.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Human DKK-1 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Rat DKK-1 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Description of target: This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is a secreted protein with two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. Elevated levels of DKK1 in bone marrow plasma and peripheral blood is associated with the presence of osteolytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Quantitative Colorimentric Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 63 pg/mL
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-11 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-2 has been shown to both inhibit and enhance canonical Wnt signaling; enhancing Wnt signaling through direct high-affinity binding of DKK-2 to LRP6 during LRP6 overexpression, while inhibiting Wnt signaling and promoting LRP6 internalization through the formation of a ternary complex between DKK-2, LRP6, and Kremen-2. Recombinant Human DKK-2 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 25.8 kDa and contains 234 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, human DKK-2 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 31-36 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: The dickkopf (DKK)-related protein family is comprised of four central members, DKK-1 - 4, along with the distantly-related DKK family member DKK-L1 (Soggy), which is thought to be a descendent of an ancestral DKK-3 precursor due to its unique sequence homology to DKK-3 and no other DKK family member. DKK family members, with the exception of the divergent Soggy, share two conserved cysteine-rich domains and show very little sequence similarity outside of these domains. Playing an important regulatory role in vertebrate development through localized inhibition of Wnt-regulated processes, including anterior-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, and eye formation, DKKs have also been implicated post-developmentally in bone formation, bone disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DKK proteins typically play an important regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system. LRP5 and LRP6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. DKK-3 has been shown to potentiate, rather than inhibit, Wnt signaling through interactions with the high-affinity, transmembrane co-receptors Kremen-1 (Krm1) and Kremen-2 (Krm2). Recombinant Human DKK-3 expressed in CHO cells is a glycoprotein that has a calculated molecular weight of 36.3 kDa and contains 329 amino acid residues. Due to glycosylation, Human DKK-3 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 39-49 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under non-reducing conditions.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK3 has been proposed as tumour suppressor gene and a marker for tumour blood vessels. DKK3 is the only DKK family member abundantly expressed in normal lung, but silenced by promoter hypermethylation in a large fraction of lung cancer cell lines and lung tumors. Downregulation of DKK3 was correlated with tumor progression and expression of nuclear beta-catenin in lung tumors. Ectopic expression of DKK3 in lung cancer cells with DKK3 hypermethylation induced apoptosis and inhibited TCF-4 activity as well as nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and expression of TCF-4 targets c-Myc and cyclin D1. DKK3 modulates FGF and Activin/Nodal signaling to regulate mesoderm induction during early Xenopus development, was reported.
Description: Members of the dickkopf-related protein family (DKK-1, -2, -3, and -4) are secreted proteins with two cysteine-rich domains separated by a linker region. And DKK3 has been proposed as tumour suppressor gene and a marker for tumour blood vessels. DKK3 is the only DKK family member abundantly expressed in normal lung, but silenced by promoter hypermethylation in a large fraction of lung cancer cell lines and lung tumors. Downregulation of DKK3 was correlated with tumor progression and expression of nuclear beta-catenin in lung tumors. Ectopic expression of DKK3 in lung cancer cells with DKK3 hypermethylation induced apoptosis and inhibited TCF-4 activity as well as nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and expression of TCF-4 targets c-Myc and cyclin D1. DKK3 modulates FGF and Activin/Nodal signaling to regulate mesoderm induction during early Xenopus development, was reported.
Description: Description of target: Dickkopf-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DKK3 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is mapped to 11p15.3. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. The expression of this gene is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may function as a tumor suppressor gene. Members of the Dkk-related family display unique patterns of mRNA expression in human and mouse tissues, and are secreted when expressed in 293T cells. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich Immunoassay;Sensitivity: <= 10 pg/mL
Description: Method of detection: Double Antibody, Sandwich ELISA;Reacts with: Homo sapiens;Sensitivity: 37.5pg/ml
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Synthetic Biosystem for Modulation of Interactions between Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Cells
T cell activation is triggered by sign molecules on the floor of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and subsequent exertion of mobile forces. Deciphering the biomechanical and biochemical indicators on this advanced course of is of curiosity and can contribute to an enchancment in immunotherapy methods.
To handle underlying questions, coculture and biomimetic fashions are established. Mature dendritic cells (mDC) are first handled with cytochalasin B (CytoB), a cytoskeletal disruption agent identified to decrease obvious mobile stiffness and discount in T cell proliferation is noticed.
It’s tried to imitate mDC and T cell interactions utilizing polyacrylamide (PA) gels with outlined stiffness akin to mDC (0.2-25 kPa). Completely different ratios of anti-CD3 (aCD3) and anti-CD28 (aCD28) antibodies are immobilized onto PA gels.
The outcomes present T cell proliferation is triggered by each aCD3 and aCD28 in a stiffness-dependent method. Cells cultured on aCD3 immobilized on gels has considerably enhanced proliferation and IL-2 secretion, in comparison with aCD28. Moreover, ZAP70 phosphorylation is enhanced in stiffer substrate a in a aCD3-dependent method.
The biosystem supplies an strategy to review the discount of T cell proliferation noticed on CytoB-treated mDC. Total, the biosystem permits distinguishing the affect of biophysical and biochemical indicators of APC and T cell interactions in vitro.
Graphene-based nanomaterials in biosystems.
Graphene-based nanomaterials have emerged as a novel sort of supplies with distinctive physicochemical properties and quite a few functions in varied areas. On this overview, we summarize latest advances in finding out interactions between graphene and biosystems.
We first present a short introduction on graphene and its derivatives, after which focus on on the toxicology and biocompatibility of graphene, together with the extracellular interactions between graphene and biomacromolecules, mobile research of graphene, and in vivo toxicological results.
Subsequent, we concentrate on varied graphene-based sensible functions in antibacterial supplies, wound addressing, drug supply, and water purification. We lastly current views on challenges and future developments in these thrilling fields.
Preface: Management and Design of Biosystems.
Biosystems are dynamic networks pushed by cross-scale interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs and organisms. Latest advances in our understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation and group of biosystems have stimulated exploration of novel approaches to regulate and design biosystems at a number of organic scales.
Such new approaches embrace synthetic cell synthesis, technology of embryoids/organoids, reconstitution and manipulation of life occasions corresponding to getting old and replica, and multidisciplinary approaches utilizing theoretical and engineering applied sciences. These control-and-design methodologies are anticipated to open up a new avenue to understanding life occasions in addition to to supply the idea for novel design methods in medical sciences.
Description: Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL4(KIR2DL4) is a Single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 2 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains.It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. KIR2DL4 is expressed in all NK cells and some T cells. KIR2DL4 activates the cytotoxicity of NK cells, despite the presence of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic tail. The ITIM was not necessary for activation of lysis by KIR2DL4. The activation signal of KIR2DL4 was sensitive to inhibition by another ITIM-containing receptor. The activation-deficient mutant of KIR2DL4 inhibited the signal delivered by the activating receptor CD16.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4. Recognizes KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4. Recognizes KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:100
Description: KIR2DL4 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 458 amino acids (24-242 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 51kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 50-70kDa). KIR2DL4 is expressed with a 239 amino acids hIgG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Competitive Inhibition method for detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in samples from serum, plasma and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
