Biosystems corresponding to enzymes, pathways, and complete cells have been more and more explored for biotechnological functions. Nevertheless, the intricate connectivity and ensuing complexity of biosystems poses a significant hurdle in designing biosystems with fascinating options. As -omics and different excessive throughput applied sciences have been quickly developed, the promise of making use of machine studying (ML) strategies in biosystems design has began to change into a actuality.
ML fashions allow the identification of patterns inside sophisticated organic information throughout a number of scales of study and might increase biosystems design functions by predicting new candidates for optimized efficiency.
ML is getting used at each stage of biosystems design to assist discover nonobvious engineering options with fewer design iterations. On this overview, we first describe generally used fashions and modeling paradigms inside ML.
We then focus on some functions of those fashions which have already proven success in biotechnological functions.
Furthermore, we focus on profitable functions in any respect scales of biosystems design, together with nucleic acids, genetic circuits, proteins, pathways, genomes, and bioprocesses. Lastly, we focus on some limitations of those strategies and potential options in addition to prospects of the mixture of ML and biosystems design.
Description: DKK-1 is a member of the DKK protein family which also includes DKK-2, DKK-3 and DKK-4. DKK-1 was originally identified as a Xenopus head forming molecule that behaves as an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Subsequent studies have shown that DKK-1 and DKK-4 play an important regulatory role in the Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway by forming inhibitory complexes with LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6), which are essential components of the Wnt/βcatenin signaling system. LPR5 and LPR6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins that appear to act as co-receptors for Wnt ligands involved in the Wnt/βcatenin signaling cascade. It has been suggested that by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for posterior patterning in vertebrates, DKK-1 permits anterior development. This notion is supported by the finding that mice deficient of DKK-1 expression lack head formation and die during embryogenesis. Recombinant human DKK-1 expressed in human 293 cells is a 35-40 kDa glycoprotein containing 235 amino-acid residues.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Dkk-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Dkk-1
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Human DKK-1 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Rat DKK-1 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Description of target: This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is a secreted protein with two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. Elevated levels of DKK1 in bone marrow plasma and peripheral blood is associated with the presence of osteolytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Quantitative Colorimentric Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 63 pg/mL
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Dkk-3 from Human, Mouse. This Dkk-3 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human Dkk-3 at AA rangle: 80-160
Description: Description of target: Dickkopf-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DKK3 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. It is mapped to 11p15.3. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. The expression of this gene is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may function as a tumor suppressor gene. Members of the Dkk-related family display unique patterns of mRNA expression in human and mouse tissues, and are secreted when expressed in 293T cells. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich Immunoassay;Sensitivity: <= 10 pg/mL
Description: Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium and have a key role in vascular homeostasis.
Recombinant Human Dickkopf-Related Protein 2/DKK-2 (N-Fc, C-6His)
Description: Basic natriuretic peptide (BNP), now known as B-type natriuretic peptide (also BNP) or GC-B, is a 32 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes).
Description: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) is a polypeptide endocrine hormone structurally similar to insulin and is mainly produced in the liver when stimulated by growth hormone. IGF-1 is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various cell types including muscle, bone, and cartilage tissue
Neuregulin/Heregulin-1? (NRG-1?/HRG-1?), human recombinant protein
Description: Neuregulin (NRG) is a signaling protein for ErbB2/ErbB4 receptor heterodimers on the cardiac muscle cells and plays an important role in heart structure and function through inducing cardiomyocyte differentiation
IL1RL1 Human, Interleukin-1 Receptor Like-1 Human Recombinant Protein, Sf9
Description: IL 1RL1 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain (19-328 a.a.) and fused to an 8 aa His Tag at C-terminus containing a total of 318 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 36.0kDa.;IL 1RL1 shows multiple bands between 40-57kDa on SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
MMP-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Human Recombinant Protein
Description: MMP 1 Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 393 amino acids (100-469a.a) and having a molecular mass of 45kDa. MMP 1 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus.
PSG1 Human, Pregnancy Specific Beta-1-Glycoprotein 1 Human Recombinant Protein, Sf9
Description: PSG1 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 394 amino acids (35-419a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 44.6kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 40-57kDa). PSG1 is expressed with a 6 amino acids His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: The Human Orosomucoid 1 produced from Human pooled serum has a molecular mass of 21.56kDa (calculated without glycosylation) containing 183 amino acid residues.
Description: Lectins, of either plant or animal origin, are carbohydrate binding proteins that interact with glycoprotein and glycolipids on the surface of animal cells. The Galectins are lectins that recognize and interact with β-galactoside moieties. Galectin-1 is an animal lectin that has been shown to interact with CD3, CD4, and CD45. It induces apoptosis of activated T-cells and T-leukemia cell lines and inhibits the protein phosphatase activity of CD45. Recombinant human Galectin-1 is a 14.5 kDa protein containing 134 amino acid residues.
Description: Gremlin-1 (isoform-1) belongs to a group of diffusible proteins which bind to ligands of the TGF-β family and regulate their activity by inhibiting their access to signaling receptors. The interplay between TGF-β ligands and their natural antagonists has major biological significance during development processes, in which cellular response can vary considerably depending upon the local concentration of the signaling molecule. Gremlin is highly expressed in the small intestine, fetal brain, and colon and lower expression in brain, prostate, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Gremlin-1 regulates multiple functions in early development by specifically binding to and inhibiting the function of BMP-2, -4, and -7. It also plays a role in carcinogenesis and kidney branching morphogenesis. Recombinant Gremlin-1 is a 18.3 kDa protein containing 160 amino acid residues.
Description: Parathyroid hormone (1-34) (human), (C181H291N55O51S2), a peptide with the sequence H2N-SVSEIQLMHNLGKHLNSMERVEWLRKKLQDVHNF-OH, MW= 4117.72.
Description: PECAM is transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the Ig-related superfamily of adhesion molecules. It is highly expressed at endothelial cell junctions, and also expressed in platelets and in most leukocyte sub-types. The primary function of PECAM-1 is the mediation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and signal transduction. PECAM-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammation related disorders, including thrombosis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis. The human PECAM-1 gene codes for a 738 amino acid transmembrane glycoprotein containing a 118 amino acid cytoplasmic domain, a 19 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 574 amino acid extracellular domain. Recombinant human PECAM-1 is a 572 amino acid glycoprotein comprising the extracellular domain of PECAM-1. Monomeric glycosylated PECAM-1 migrates at an apparent molecular weight of approximately 80.0-95.0 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions
Description: Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is a secreted ligand for Tie-2, a tyrosine-kinase receptor expressed primarily on vascular endothelial cells and early hematopoietic cells. Ang-1/ Tie-2 signaling promotes angiogenesis during the development, remodeling, and repair of the vascular system. Transgenic mice lacking expression of either Ang-1 or Tie-2 fail to develop a fully functional cardiovascular system and die before birth. Postnatally, the angiogenic activity of Ang-1/Tie-2 is required during normal tissue repair and remodeling of the female endometrium in the menstrual cycle. Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling appears to be regulated by Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), a natural antagonist for Tie-2 that exerts its effects through an internal autocrine loop mechanism. In addition to suppressing endothelial cell activation by inhibiting the expression of adhesion and inflammatory molecules, Ang-1 enhances endothelial cell survival and capillary morphogenesis, and lessens capillary permeability. As such, Ang-1 has a potential to become an effective therapeutic agent for treating various endothelium disorders, including several severe human pulmonary diseases. The efficacy of cell-based Ang-1 gene therapy for acute lung injury (ALI) has recently been studied in a rat model of ALI (1). The results of this study show that such therapy can markedly improve lung condition and suggest that Ang-1 therapy may represent a potential new strategy for the treatment and/or prevention of acute respiratory distress injury (ARDI), a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Recombinant human ANG-1, derived from HeLa cells, is a C-terminal histidine tagged glycoprotein which migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 60.0 – 70.0 kDa by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Sequencing analysis shows N-terminal sequences starting with Ser-20 and with Asp-70 of the 498 amino acid precursor protein.
Description: Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) is a glycoprotein produced in the liver and intestine that is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. ApoA-1 is involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for recycling and excretion.
Description: Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) is a glycoprotein produced in the liver and intestine that is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. ApoA-1 is involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for recycling and excretion.
Description: The WNT gene family compose of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been involved in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis.
(1-328) RAD51D (1-328 a.a.) Human Recombinant Protein
Description: RAD51D (1-328) Human Recombinant produced in E. coli is. a single polypeptide chain containing 351 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 37.4kDa. RAD51D (1-328) is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
NXPH1 Human, Neurexophilin 1 Human Recombinant Protein, Sf9
Description: NXPH1 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 259 amino acids (22-271) and having a molecular mass of 29.7kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 28-40kDa).;NXPH1 is fused to 9 amino acid His-Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
TGF-b-1 Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 Human protein
Description: Human Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 purified from Human Platelets having a molecular mass of 25kDa.;The TGF-b 1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Human Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) AssayMax ELISA Kit
Description: Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Human Recombinant also known as Monocyte Chemotactic and Activating Factor (MCAF) produced in E.Coli is a non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 76 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8.6kDa. ;The MCP-1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
GAD1 iso1 Glutamate Decarboxylase 1 Isoform-1 Human Recombinant Protein
Description: GAD1 iso1 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 617 amino acids (1-594 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 69.3kDa. GAD1 iso1 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: TRAIL Receptor-1/DR4 and TRAIL Receptor-2/DR5 belong to the TNFR superfamily of transmembrane proteins and contain a cytoplasmic "death domain, " which can activate the cell's apoptotic machinery. These receptors are activated by binding to either membrane anchored or soluble TRAIL/Apo2L. Recombinant human soluble TRAIL Receptor-1/DR4 is a 22.7 kDa protein (215 amino acid residues) consisting of the TNFR homologous, cysteine rich portion of the extracellular domain.
Description: Neurotrophin-1 Human Recombinant (28-225) produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 199 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 22kDa.;The NNT-1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: HPSE Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 531 amino acids (36-543 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 60kDa.;HPSE is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus.
Description: ENDOTHELIN-1 (ET-1), the principal peptide of the endothelin family, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities in both vascular and nonvascular tissues, including the heart, the kidney, and the central nervous system.
Description: Amyloid ?-Peptide (1-40) (human), (C194H295N53O58S1), a peptide with the sequence H2N-DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA-OH, MW= 4329.8. Amyloid beta (A? or Abeta) is a peptide of 36-43 amino acids that is processed from the Amyloid precursor protein.
Description: LAG-1 is CC chemokine that signals through the CCR5 receptor. LAG-1 is identical to MIP-1β (ACT II isotype) except for two amino acid substitutions; arginine for histidine at position 22 and serine for glycine at position 47 of the mature protein. LAG-1 chemoattracts monocytes, and exhibits activity as an HIV suppressive factor. Recombinant human LAG-1 is a 7.7 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues.
Description: SDC1 Human Recombinant produced in E. coli is a single polypeptide chain containing 262 amino acids (18-254) and having a molecular mass of 27kDa (molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear higher).;SDC1 is fused to a 25 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Neuregulin/Heregulin is a family of structurally related polypeptide growth factors derived from alternatively spliced genes (NRG1, NRG2, NRG3 and NRG4). To date, there are over 14 soluble and transmembrane proteins derived from the NRG1 gene. Proteolytic processing of the extracellular domain of the transmembrane NRG1 isoforms release soluble growth factors. HRG1-β1 contains an Ig domain and an EGF-like domain that is necessary for direct binding to receptor tyrosine kinases erb3 and erb4. This binding induces erb3 and erb4 heterodimerization with erb2, stimulating intrinsic kinase activity, which leads to tyrosine phosphorylation. Although HRG1-β1 biological effects is still unclear, it has been found to promote motility and invasiveness of breast cancer cells which may also involve up-regulation of expression and function of the autocrine motility-promoting factor (AMF). Recombinant human Heregulin-β1 (HRG1-β1) is a 7.5 kDa polypeptide consisting of only the EGF domain of Heregulin-β1 (65 amino acid residues).
Synthetic Biosystem for Modulation of Interactions between Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Cells
T cell activation is triggered by sign molecules on the floor of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and subsequent exertion of mobile forces. Deciphering the biomechanical and biochemical indicators on this advanced course of is of curiosity and can contribute to an enchancment in immunotherapy methods.
To handle underlying questions, coculture and biomimetic fashions are established. Mature dendritic cells (mDC) are first handled with cytochalasin B (CytoB), a cytoskeletal disruption agent identified to decrease obvious mobile stiffness and discount in T cell proliferation is noticed.
It’s tried to imitate mDC and T cell interactions utilizing polyacrylamide (PA) gels with outlined stiffness akin to mDC (0.2-25 kPa). Completely different ratios of anti-CD3 (aCD3) and anti-CD28 (aCD28) antibodies are immobilized onto PA gels.
The outcomes present T cell proliferation is triggered by each aCD3 and aCD28 in a stiffness-dependent method. Cells cultured on aCD3 immobilized on gels has considerably enhanced proliferation and IL-2 secretion, in comparison with aCD28. Moreover, ZAP70 phosphorylation is enhanced in stiffer substrate a in a aCD3-dependent method.
The biosystem supplies an strategy to review the discount of T cell proliferation noticed on CytoB-treated mDC. Total, the biosystem permits distinguishing the affect of biophysical and biochemical indicators of APC and T cell interactions in vitro.
Graphene-based nanomaterials in biosystems.
Graphene-based nanomaterials have emerged as a novel sort of supplies with distinctive physicochemical properties and quite a few functions in varied areas. On this overview, we summarize latest advances in finding out interactions between graphene and biosystems.
We first present a short introduction on graphene and its derivatives, after which focus on on the toxicology and biocompatibility of graphene, together with the extracellular interactions between graphene and biomacromolecules, mobile research of graphene, and in vivo toxicological results.
Subsequent, we concentrate on varied graphene-based sensible functions in antibacterial supplies, wound addressing, drug supply, and water purification. We lastly current views on challenges and future developments in these thrilling fields.
Preface: Management and Design of Biosystems.
Biosystems are dynamic networks pushed by cross-scale interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs and organisms. Latest advances in our understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation and group of biosystems have stimulated exploration of novel approaches to regulate and design biosystems at a number of organic scales.
Such new approaches embrace synthetic cell synthesis, technology of embryoids/organoids, reconstitution and manipulation of life occasions corresponding to getting old and replica, and multidisciplinary approaches utilizing theoretical and engineering applied sciences. These control-and-design methodologies are anticipated to open up a new avenue to understanding life occasions in addition to to supply the idea for novel design methods in medical sciences.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4. Recognizes KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4. Recognizes KIR2DL3/KIR2DL1/KIR2DL4/KIR2DS4 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:100
Description: KIR2DL4 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 458 amino acids (24-242 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 51kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 50-70kDa). KIR2DL4 is expressed with a 239 amino acids hIgG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antibody Detection.detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) ELISA Kit
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Competitive Inhibition method for detection of Human Anti-Anti-Sperm Antibody Antibody (Anti-AsAb) in samples from serum, plasma and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
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